Clarify and explain the key concepts of situational ethics Essay Example

Clarify and explain the key concepts of situational ethics Essay The situational ethics theory was brought about by Joseph Fletcher. It refers to a particular view of ethics that states: the morality of an act is a function of the state of the system at the time it is performed. The founding idea is that the only thing of built-in value is love. From there, Fletcher advocated a number of controversial courses of action.There are 3 kinds of ethical theories, and these are essentially three different ways of making moral decisions. There are the legalistic ethics, the antinomian ethics and the situational ethics.The legalistic ethics have a set of moral rules and regulations. Both Christianity and Judaism also have legalistic ethical traditions. Different religions have different approaches to how to dealing with decisions, and where to look for guidance. For example, Judaism has a law-based approach to life, and Christianity looks for guidance either in the commandments of the bible or natural law. But Fletcher believes that these traditions fail w hen lifes problems require additional laws. The legalist must either include all of the complex alternatives in the law or create a whole new law altogether. Fletcher rejects legalistic ethics.The second theory is Antinomian ethics. Antinomian ethics is basically seen as the opposite of legalistic ethics. Antinomian basically means against law. This means that the ethical system is completely ignored. When making a decision, the occasion would be totally unique and it would be a matter of spontaneity. Fletcher believed it would literally be unprincipled and it would follow no course from one situation to another. Fletcher is equally critical of antinomianism as an acceptable approach to ethics, because its unprincipled.The final theory is situational ethics. The situationist makes a moral decision by basically combining the ethics, rules and principles of his or her community or tradition. However, the situationist is willing to set aside the rules and regulations if love seems bett er served by doing so. Situation ethics generally agree that mans reason should be the instrument of moral judgment. They accept revelation as the source of ethical norms and, at the same time, reject all revealed norms or laws except the single commandment to love God and the neighbors. Situation ethics does not aim at what is good or right, but at what is fitting. For a situationist, all moral decisions are hypothetical. They depend on what best serves love. For example, lying is justified if love is better served by it.Situation ethics is sensitive to variety and complexity. It uses principles to devour of the situation, but not to guide the direction. Fletcher divides his principles into two parts: the four working principles and the six fundamental principles.There are some presumptions that Fletcher makes before setting out the situation ethics theory:Pragmatism: This basically means that the proposed course of action must work, and must work towards the end, which is love.Rel ativism: Situation ethics is relativistic. A situationist will avoid words such as never, perfect, always and complete. They refrain from making anything of absolute value. There are no fixed rules that must be obeyed. But Fletcher also believes that all decisions must link with Christian love. Situation ethics relativizes the absolute, it does not absolute the relative Fletcher.Positivism: With natural positivism reason understands faith from human experiences. Nature provides the evidence and reason grabs hold of it. Reason isnt the basis for faith, but it works within faith. Situation ethics depends purely on the Christian choosing that God is love, so therefore giving first place to Christian love.Personalism: A legalist would put the law first and a situationist would put people first. Fletcher asks whats best to do to benefit humans: There are no values in the sense of inherent goods value is what happens to something when it happens to be useful to love working for the sake of persons.Conscience isnt a pile of rules and regulations that tells you what to do, it in no way guides humans in what action to take. For a situationist, the conscience describes the weighing up of the possible action before its been taken.With this idea acknowledged, Fletcher brings forth the main theory; the six fundamental principles.1st Proposition: Only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love: nothing else at all.This basically means that only love is good in and of itself. The action itself isnt good or evil. They are good or evil depending on whether it ends up in the most loving result.2nd Proposition: The ruling norm of Christian decision is love: nothing else.Fletcher means that love replaces law. For example, Jesus decision to heal on the Sabbath day went against Christian decision, but Jesus broke this law when love demanded it. Love isnt equalled by any other law.3rd Proposition: Love and Justice are the same, for justice is love distributed, nothing else.Fletc her believes that love and justice cannot be separated. He maintains that justice is Christian love using its head, calculating its duties, obligations, opportunities etc. Justice is love at work in the whole community and for the whole community.4th Proposition: Love wills the neighbours good, whether we like him or not.The love Fletcher is talking about isnt a matter of feeling, but of attitude. Its not a romantic love or sentimental, but a desire for the good of the other person. In the New Testament, this type of love is called Agape. This love goes out to everyone, even to the people we dont like. It is unconditional, and nothing is expected in return.5th Proposition: Only the end justified the means, nothing else.To make a moral decision without querying the consequences of your actions is a recipe for disaster. Fletcher believes that the end must be the most loving result. When weighing up a situation, one must consider the desired end, the means available, the motive for act ing and the foreseeable consequences.6th Proposition: Loves decisions are made situationally, not prescriptively.Fletcher believes that rule-based morality is wrong, and something is wrong or right depending on the situation. If an action will bring about an end that serves love most, then that decision is most appropriate.Another idea and theory of situational ethics, is Deontology. (Greek: Deon meaning obligation or duty) Deontological ethics is a theory holding that decisions should be made solely or primarily by considering ones duties and the rights of others. One of the most important implications of deontology is that a persons behavior can be wrong even if it results in the best possible consequences. In contrast to consequentialism, a philosophy infamous for its claim that the ends justify the means, deontology insists that how people accomplish their goals is usually (or always) more important than what people accomplish.Situation ethics provides an alternative Christian e thic. It is flexible and practical and takes into account the problems and complexities of life. But from a legalistic point of view, all actions seem wrong. Fletchers theory is subjective as decisions must be made from within the situation as its perceived to be. It is individualistic as humans can see things from their own perspective. What is believed to be a loving end could justify actions that many people believe as simply wrong.

Impact of Media in Socialization

Impact of Media in Socialization Effects of the Media How can the media teach responsible behaviours such as decision-making? The current and almost inevitable behaviour involves periodical flipping of channels using a remote control to find a suitable program. People learn both beneficial and negative practices from the media. Children learn some languages or slangs from the media, and this end up influencing their communication behaviours even in future undertakings.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Media in Socialization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The themes and issues such as drama, violence, sex and music are common implications. Children are therefore prone to stereotyping and deceiving information about the world, particularly due to their innocence. People need to realize that socialization is a developmental process whereby the individual encounters others or earthly resources and they enable him/her to be socially a cceptable into specific settings. Social acceptance is a continual and ever dynamic procedure, throughout the entire lifetime. Lack of social control causes personal life to lacks proper meaning. Surroundings and experiences are the main determinants or the agents of socialization, which are the world’s main influences. These controls depend on exposure, and thus the positive or negative impacts on individuals. The media is one of the agents that have nearly permanent effect on people social lifestyles because of its manipulative style of shaping the society (Nash, 2010). The media consumes the behavioural pattern of many and mostly the youth. Although not intentional, teenagers easily pick the bad influences from the media in their urge of finding identity in the society. Sometimes the bad influences include bragging to the peers. When the family setting has a strong foundation on good influences, the teenager has ability to resist media pressure. Peer exposure has great p ressure than the family influences, but exposures to the media can cause different experiences, which are both great and influential to proper growth as well as social demolishing. Exposure to media influences is sociological because it determines if one is in a position to venture into future relationships without considering the experiences, or attracting more negative influences.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More State of the Media The media is dynamic and a revolution that rarely fades away from the social world. The celebrity influence is an example that is a common scenario among the youths since time in memorial. The media is equally expansive, and today it has great influence on everyone in various unique ways, regardless of the personal option or need. It has formed a big part of the social world, but people need to understand it as a manipulative too l because if one is in a position of thinking from the media point of view or aspired outcome, then understanding the system is easier. This kind of thought reduces the chances of negative influences. In close relation to Newman’s (2009) writing, childhood is not a biological but a social process of growth. This means that all children are unsecure from the media influences. Everyone is able to pick one or many aspects that are moral or immoral values of the society. A child does not need to understand the verbal interpretation to understand the description of violence from a television set. The tragic images speak bigger words. The key social values one picks from the media are evident during the socialization process, for instance the commercial implications. The media is however not set to spread good or negative influence, it acts as a manipulation tool in support of the businesses profit margins, but end up determining how the young child will socialize. The cartoon and animated images are the key determinant of the children’s actions. The media therefore distorts the morals values by influencing on people to take up what it portrays. Parental role Do the parents or guardians bother to check on the movie or program ratings? Young people are often curious of negative aspects such as alcohol, and thus the common definition of the teenage years being a time of experimenting and seeking novelty. Conducted survey indicates that scenes of alcohol and tobacco abuse are a common phenomenon in most programs and movies today (Kendall, 2006). As a result, at least half or more of the teenagers try out alcohol during the teenager stage, and nearly all have tried before reaching the legal age. â€Å"These days the youth show higher rates or percentage of alcohol problems as opposed to the older age groups† (Browne, 2009). This is a social problem mainly influenced through the media.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Media in Socialization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vulnerability to the media The brain may be more vulnerable to social pressure or discomforts due to sensitivity. These social effects can bring about pleasurable social experiences such as negative engagement, as one seeks better expectations. The effects of the media on the mind are enormous. In the studies of media influences by Partrick (2008), characteristically, people have a diminished sensitivity to influences because the hormones also play a vital role in decisions. According to Partrick (2008), â€Å"people have novelty to seek and promote competitiveness socially.† The production of hormones promotes human action, because the original occurrences on the media influence their social approvals. Effects of the media on growth and development Social, emotional, behavioural, physical and cognitive growths are very important aspects influencing social behaviou r. Analysis of some developmental life-span stages indicates the possibility of determining influences brought about by the media. There are unique kind of behavioural pattern to expect after a distinctive episode on the media, thus the need to suggest developmental concerns and appropriate actions. Human beings have to make decisions based on the challenges at hand. They face many disputes such as inevitable physical changes and parental or peer pressure especially over making decisions on impulsive activities (Kendall, 2006). These transitional issues are of critical concerns regarding identity, choices, self-esteem and emotional development. Their appearance to others is equally an important issue; because of they believe that everyone has unique problems, and all the public attention focuses particularly upon these issues. People often face the challenges of discovering their identity in terms of vocation, relationship, sexuality, gender, life interests, personality, culture a nd most importantly parental background (Kendall, 2006). Abusive media may cause conflicts, because of the need to find a desirable social lifestyle or freedom, especially during the emotionally stressing moments. Conclusion Pressure from the media should serve the role of determining and moulding the right character in a person. This is arguably the reason why people mainly mimic their parent’s lifestyles. Parental pressure is more often hard to resist because it is equally very hard to notice. It is therefore important to know that personal choices are very important even when the parental pressure is irresistible.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The strongest predictor and controller of media abuse or negative influence to the social lives, particularly among the youth and children is the parent. The parents assist in defining the usage and warn on the media effects. The parental pressure relates to modelling social lifestyles. References Browne, K. (2006). Introducing Sociology for AS Level. Oxford, UK: Polity Publishers Kendall, D. (2008). Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning Publishers Nash, K. (2010). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics and Power. (Second Ed). Oxford, UK: John Wiley and Sons. Print Newman, D.M., (2009).Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life. Los Angeles, L.A.: Pine Forge Press, Partrick, B. J. (2008). Adolescents and Risk: Making Sense of Adolescents Psychology. Praeger Publishers

Child adolence and development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child adolence and development - Research Paper Example In my days as a child, I was carefree with no worries at all. I would wander like a deer upon the open fields. I enjoyed various natural beauties in the gardens together with my other friends. The days gone are gone forever. What I have are only memories that remain in my mind. The memories make me cry and laugh at times. Nevertheless, it is impossible to cut out them from life. For such reasons, childhood memories are said to be the sweetest in man’s life. I also got several memories of my childhood life. The memories present the sweetest time of my mind. My childhood memories are indeed sweet. No one can forget his/her childhood experiences whether painful or pleasant. I still remember my childhood life very well. I was born in the suburbs of Illinois where I spent my childhood. My father was employed by the government. Home was a simple house where we lived happily together with my parents, sisters and brothers. That is not all; there was another family member. That is my grandmother. She was humble and affectionate. I remember her trying to teach me recite some sayings and quotes. That was at an early age and my mind weak to capture them, speaking was still difficult task. She showed love to me most than other family members. The memories are bitter for I lost her a few years ago. Am lucky for my parents are still alive up to today. Both mum and dad have been by best teachers in language. They taught me how to pronounce simple words like â€Å"no†, â€Å"yes†, â€Å"come†, and â€Å"go†. There was a ground in front of our house. Paddy and other crops had grown in the ground. The beautiful golden color of the paddy field attracted me a lot. Every afternoon, I walked to the playground through the paddy field. The paddy plants always touched me. I got mixed up in the midst of the beauty of nature. I loudly named each flower as I went by playing. Though the names hardly meant anything, but at least I was better than

E-commerce in Arab Countries, What are the Benefits Article

E-commerce in Arab Countries, What are the Benefits - Article Example According to the paper findings since there are several countries in the Arab region, data related to e-commerce and internet usage in some of the important Arab countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Egypt etc. will be mentioned and interpreted in the research report. Once a clear idea is obtained about the e-commerce in Arab countries, the findings will then be compared with the present situation of e-commerce in UK. After this comparative analysis, the research will aim at finding various obstacles to e-commerce in Arab countries. In addition to that research will also endeavour to find out the basic concepts and the major benefits of e-commerce. The major aim of this research is to gain an insight of current situation prevailing in Arab countries regarding the e-commerce. The current situation can be evaluated by finding out the total value of e-commerce in these countries, number of users, extent of involvement of people and business house etc. Furthermore the research also tries to analyse the present e-commerce situation in UK for comparing it with the situation in Arab countries. In addition to it, this research also aims to identify the factors that act as obstacles in Arab countries. E-commerce has several benefits which are expected to have significant effects on the people and the economy of a particular country. This research is conducted with the purpose of identifying the benefits of e-commerce and their effects on Arab countries. This is the major objective of this research paper apart from the others that are mentioned above.

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Contract Law - Essay Example In the case of Bell,3 the court ascertained that in the event of an occurrence of common mistakes that undermines the subject of the agreement it renders that contract void. The law recognizes three types of common mistakes namely, res extincta, res sua and mistake on the basis of quality and personality of the subject matter of the contract. Res axtincta is a common mistake where the parties enter into a contract to acquire something that does that both parties are unaware of its non-existence.4 res sua is a common mistake where one party forms an agreement with the other to acquire the interest in something already that party has, but without the knowledge of either party. Finally, a common mistake on the basis of quality is where the parties form an agreement to perform something different from what they thought it was.5 A common mistake can limit the parties to the contract from reaching an agreement because the parties are incapable of establishing corresponding offer and acceptance on an essential issue of the agreement.6 Also, even when parties have reached an agreement, there is a shared mistake in relation to the associated circumstance. Under the English Common law, the common mistakes might undermine the contract by rendering it completely void.7 However, unless the issues are serious it might not be necessary for the parties to seek legal intervention, even though, the parties could not have entered into the agreement had they known the true position at the time they were forming the contract.8 Equitable jurisdiction refers to a structure of integrity considered to enhance the common law by taking action in an equitable and rational manner that results in just outcome.9 Under equitable jurisdiction, the parties to the contract are prohibited from enforcing their legal rights in case it was unacceptable for them to do so. The essence of equitable jurisdiction is to ensure no party takes

The Portrayal Of Women In Film Film Studies Essay

The Portrayal Of Women In Film Film Studies Essay I have chosen the following question. To what extent do you agree with the statement that the female in film is on display, passive and purely there because of her to be looked-at-ness? Women in my opinion have been the subject of eye candy in films and are not that often respected. Yes, there are a number of films about the power that woman can show along with the control to be on a par with men. But, they still show them as voyeuristic and sexual items. Most of Hollywoods films have men in control and makes use of the male gaze (that is, the audience sees what they see about the female). Women are characteristically on the receiving end of that gaze. According to Mulvey: In a world of sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects its fantasy on the female figure which is styled accordingly. In my paper and my assessment of females on display I will be looking mainly at Tomb Raider (Simon West, US, 2001) about the adventures of Lara Croft. The character is played by and stars Angeline Jolie. I will also take a look at another film also starring Angelina Jolie Mr and Mrs Smith (Doug Liman, USA, 2005). Firstly Tomb Raider. This film follows the success of a popular video game where as an adventurer you are taken through many seemingly impossible swashbuckling events to win the game. Like other characters, she must save the world. But when interviewed about her movie and her part in it she even talks about her to-be-looked at character. Angelina Jolie states Cmon, Im not so flat chested to begin with, she said. So it wasnt like we had to completely change me. You know, we just had to enhance me a little. Im a 36C. Lara, shes a 36D. And in the game, shes a double D, so we took her down some. But we did give her a bit of padding there. For me, it was simply one size, so it was like having a padded bra. So we are looking here at an almost virtual body that can satisfy desires and highlights her enthusiasm to play a real human but at the same time to invest erotically in a fictional character. Can we see anything else at times other than her being on display? We are also looking at Tomb Raider as a voyeuristic gaze. Although Lara Croft is a woman she is giving us the female version of Indiana Jones but she lacks the fully realized three-dimensional qualities male counterparts usually show, as she is seen as Incredibly hot-n-juicy, and although playing probably the best action heroine the quality of the story dictates that she alone is probably the reason to see this movie. It appears that despite the move towards a masculine role as a woman the effort to mould her into a positive figure is difficult in a society because she is a woman. In an influential academic paper in 2002, Helen W. Kennedy said the question surrounding Lara Croft was simple is she a positive role model for young girls or just that perfect combination of eye and thumb candy for the boys?. It appears that (West) the producer wanted to set the film in a marketable form potentially appealing to both male and female audiences. Particularly to at the time girlpower and the emerging ladette culture. This as Helen Kennedy says centres around playing lads at their own game but still seen primarily addressing a male audience. Lets look at the first five minutes of Tomb Raider it gives an appropriate insite into what is to be seen in the rest of the film. The opening sequences spend a lot of time focussing on Laras body. To begin with the shot of her face is from a particularly low angle, perhaps to express her dominance over the impending scene, but is more likely for the audience to see empathised breasts. It goes on to show several gratuitous shots of Laras crotch and thighs. What is also interesting is that the sound has been exaggerated and the moans and screams while Lara is fighting the robot have clearly been digitised louder, thus supporting Mulveys theory of voyeurism. Take a look at the photo below of Lara Croft. Notice she looks directly at you as a person and could be construed as a gesture of her awareness of herself as the object of the male gaze. (2001) Tomb Raider [online image] http://www.comicbookmovie.com/fansites/LetsCutTheBS/news/?a=7733 (Accessed 30th April 2010) Another film with Angelina Jolie that represents a completely different type of format is Mr and Mrs Smith (Doug Liman, USA, 2005). This time the film is about a bored married couple who are surprised to learn that they are both assassins hired by competing agencies to kill each other. Whereas Lara Croft was shown very much eye candy, in this film the attempt is to show empowerment of woman to do the same role as a man. Uunfortunately Hollywood still insist on showing the female character as a tasteful, soft-core fantasy. Jolie (Janet Smith in the film) is depicted as a fiery, professional assassin. Just where the point in the film of her wearing a PVC corset with a little matching micro-skirt thing, bears no relationship at all to the genre the film is trying to depicts. This time looking at a still from the film which is themed as a nonstop action movie like the Bourne identity series (Doug Liman, USA, 2002) Angelina Jolie is still shown in parts of the film as a voyeuristic woman on display. (2005) Mr and Mrs Smith [online image] http://www.aceshowbiz.com/images/still/mr_mrs_smith07.jpg (accessed 4th May 2010) Conclusion Of course I appreciate these are my personal opinions and how I see womans role in the film industry. One question comes to mind-why cant women be portrayed as strong, intelligent and empowered as well as being sexually attractive? I am not trying to say that women have to be either stupid, pretty, ugly or clever. I am not saying that beautiful women cant be empowered and vice versa, what it is merely questioning is why the film makers feel the need to spend more time focussing on the body, appearance and sexuality of the female characters than they do the male characters. There needs greater focus on the characters intelligence or ability and more focus on the aesthetic than on the plot itself. Which, really, is the reason most people go to watch a film in the first place. Bibliography Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1975) Laura Mulvey Originally Published Screen 16.3 Autumn 1975 pp. 6-18 http://www.jahsonic.com/VPNC.htm Lara Croft: Feminist Icon or Cyberbimbo?- Helen W Kennedy Originally Published-School of Cultural Studies, University of the West of England. pp. 4-5 http://www.gamestudies.org/0202/kennedy/ Mr and Mrs Smith (2005) Copyright  © The 20th Century Fox. All Rights Reserved. pp. 5 http://www.aceshowbiz.com/images/still/mr_mrs_smith07.jpg Movie minutiae Lara Croft Tomb Raider 2001 Originally published by Vivien Cuttle, 15th February 2008. pp.1 http://blogs.abc.net.au/articulate/2008/02/movie-minutia-1.html Back to the future for Lara Croft Originally published by the BBC on 10th May 2007. pp. 1 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6641833.stm

Searle’s Solution to the Missing Object Problem :: Searle Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Let us imagine that to play a joke on her new friend Suzy, Jenny tells her all about her cocker spaniel. Jenny tells Suzy that her dog’s name is Sally, that Sally has long blonde hair, and that she loves to eat table scraps. The only problem is that Sally does not really exist  ¾ but Jenny doesn’t tell this to Suzy. Because of this, Suzy forms all sorts of beliefs about Jenny’s cocker spaniel. She believes that it is named Sally, that it has long blonde hair and loves to eat table scraps, and perhaps a few other beliefs. She also forms desires regarding the dog  ¾ she wants to meet Sally, to play fetch with her, and to buy her a doggie treat. Suzy, therefore, has many beliefs and desires regarding Sally the cocker spaniel  ¾ and all of this in spite of the fact that Sally does not really exist at all. In orchestrating this prank, Jenny thought she was merely playing a simple trick on her friend. But in succeeding at this, she has brought about a s ignificant philosophical dilemma. If Sally the cocker spaniel does not exist, then what are all of Suzy’s beliefs and desires about? This is the problem of â€Å"objectless directedness.† Mental states like believing and desiring are understood to be directed at things; they are intentional states, and every intentional state must have an intentional object. If I have a belief that Michael Jordan is the best basketball player of all time, or that Bush is a good wartime President, then these are beliefs about, respectively, Michael Jordan and George Bush. If I have a desire to meet the Pope, or to have a hamburger, then these desires are directed at the Pope and a hamburger, respectively. But in Suzy’s case, the supposed intentional object of her beliefs and desires  ¾ Sally the cocker spaniel  ¾ turned out not to exist at all. So did the beliefs and desires have an intentional object at all? And if so, what was it? In addressing this problem, this paper will explicate and argue for a solution given by John Searle in his book, Intentionality. After briefly

Exploring The Concept Of Forest Management Environmental Sciences Essay

The wood is a complex ecosystem dwelling chiefly of trees that buffer the Earth and back up a battalion of life signifiers. Numerous ecological maps are carried out by the wood. Therefore one must be careful in the managing and conserving of the forest. Trees can make environment which in bend affect the sort of animate beings and workss that can be in the wood. However the most of import function trees carry out is the purification of air. Trees are capable of refilling supplies of O in the ambiance and taking out harmful C dioxide, which is done in a cyclic procedure. Other than these environmental functions, the wood may be manipulated to give economic benefits through lumber harvest home which is normally practise by legion states across the Earth. It must be noted that economic benefits of the wood may besides run to non-timber merchandises. â€Å" Forest direction is the application of appropriate proficient forestry rules, patterns, and concern techniques to the direction of a wood to accomplish the proprietor ‘s aims. † Pull offing of a forest correctly may give legion benefits. Guyana is a comparatively little state which is situated on the nor'-east seashore of Latin America, along the Atlantic Ocean. It has a entire land country of 21.4 million hectares of which 16.9 million hectares are forested lands. This means that more than 75 % of the state is considered forested countries. As a consequence of holding such a high per centum of forested countries, a proper wood direction system is needed. Most of the state ‘s wood are still integral and are non being threatened due to the effects of agribusiness. However, the woods of Guyana are being threatened by deforestation. It is estimated that the annual deforestation rate is someplace between 0.1 % and 0.3 % . This deforestation is caused chiefly by the effects of the enlargement of the excavation industry. All forest that is non on private belongings is allocated to the province and is termed province wood. 13.6 million hectares of the forested land is deemed province land. More specifically, 5.8 milli on hectares of the designated province land are for commercial usage, while 500,000 hectares are allocated for research and protection, 63,000 hectares is outside the legal power of the forest service, and eventually, more that 58 % of the province ‘s wood is fundamentally untasted in relation to commercial usage. In Guyana province wood may be of seven ( 7 ) types: Permanent production woods – in which the rules regulating the sustainable direction of woods shall be applied. Permanent protection woods and biodiversity militias – in which, because of the exposure of the forest ecosystem, no tree felling or other types of wood use shall be permitted, and in which representative countries of biodiversity shall be inviolate. Reserve forests – woods which are yet to be classified, and on which no development shall be permitted. Extractive woods – woods reserved for the sole use of their non-timber wood merchandises. Multiple usage forests – woods to be utilised for the concurrent production and proviso of goods ( lumber and non-timber ) and services. Permanent research forests – woods devoted entirely to research. Conversion woods – woods to be cleared for other utilizations. By categorising the State Forest proper pull offing and monitoring can be achieved. This is so because assorted classs permit limited activity and besides place type of type of activity done within specific Forest countries. This method of pull offing State Forest with adequate enforcement ensures sustainable usage of the forest. Sustainable usage is all about utilizing resources in parts that may non impact future coevalss. The proper direction of Guyana ‘s wood is achieved through the application and enforcement of policies, these of which includes reaping policies that permits peculiar activities in a given forested country. One of which governs forest reaping licenses. There are four ( 4 ) classs of forest reaping licenses in Guyana: – Timber gross revenues understandings ( TSAs ) : grants are granted on a rental for 20 old ages or more over an country of 24,000 hectares or more. Wood cutting rentals ( WCLs ) : licenses are granted on 3-10-year rentals theoretically for countries of 8,000-24,281 hectares State forest licenses ( SFPs ) : film editing licenses are granted on an one-year footing for countries of province forest up to 8,094 hectares in size. Exploratory licenses: before a WCL or a TSA is issued, a three-year exploratory period is granted in order to garner all the necessary information for the readying of an investing proposal. In 1998, the Guyana Forestry Commission ( GFC ) introduced a Code of Practice for Timber Harvesting based on FAO ‘s Model Code of Forest Practice ; the codification, which was revised in 2002, prescribes internationally recognized criterions for exclusion countries and buffer zones, 100 % pre-harvest stock list, route building, felling, skidding, hauling, operational and camp hygiene, and occupational wellness and safety. Besides exclusion countries and buffer zones, the codification besides restricts logging on inclines greater than 40 % and sets a minimal distance of 10 m between crop trees to minimise the size of canopy gaps. Other policy enforced includes the film editing of trees of a peculiar diameter, 34cm. This promotes the proper development of trees that would give quality and efficient lumber, therefore small waste would be since it would be a offense to log a tree whose diameter is lower than that mentioned above. A log-tagging system to help the monitoring of lumber harvest home and cut down illegal film editing has been in consequence since 1999. The Log Tracking System in Guyana provides noticeable grounds on the legitimacy, location and magnitude of forest operations. The Log Tracking System presently applies to all operations, including those on State Forests, Amerindian Reservations and Private Properties and is linked to the State Forest Permit ( SFP ) Quota System. This is an inaugural to command the volume of green goods harvested. The Log Tracking System is regulated by the usage of Log Tags which are assigned to legal operators at the beginning of an operator ‘s one-year reclamation of his State Forest Permit license and are available to the operator free of charge. An operator ‘s quota ( forest green goods volume ) is first calculated by a formula estimation of the sustained output which considers the size of the forest country and captures the minimal log reaping variables of droping rhythm, droping distance and minimal girth. The quota is equated to the figure of standing trees which will give this volume ; and it is the figure of trees computed that indicates the figure of tickets to be issued ( one ticket is tantamount to one standing tree ) . Each operator is allocated a figure of tags equivalent to his sustained output and is recognised by a alone sequence of Numberss assigned to that operation. How the tagging system works – Log tagging is done at the stump where one half of the ticket is affixed to the stump at the clip of felling and the other portion bearing the same sequence of Numberss as recorded on the stump ticket, is affixed to the green goods being conveyed. All forest green goods including logs, timber, hemorrhoids, poles and stations are tagged. It is the alone Numberss of each ticket assigned that indicates who the operator is and hence is able to bespeak the geographic beginning of the forest green goods within the Forest Estate.RecommendationsThere is a deficiency in supervising the activities of individuals involved in the forestry sector. This would promote corruptness and breaching of contracts, in which instance, the policies and/or ordinances that apply to the contract may non be adhered to, which would finally ensue in hapless or weak forest direction execution. This is why there should be proper monitoring plans in topographic point. For this to be successful there is a demand for more human resources to take on the undertaking of supervising forest activities. One other weak point in the direction of Guyana ‘s Forests would be the fact that unqualified individuals in the lumber industry are issued licenses and rentals, which means that they may non be experienced or educated adequate to set many of these techniques into efficient pattern. Besides, although there is a plan to place protected countries such as Iwokrama, the country of wholly protected woods is low and there is non adequate control and direction in protected countries. Guyana lacks in trained and qualified forces to help in direction, so despite the fact that direction techniques are in topographic point, the existent execution or executing may non be up to standard. Education plans or the usage of good qualified persons should be applied to help in proper executing of direction techniques.INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLE OF FOREST MANAGEMENTChina Forest Management SystemIn footings of forested land, China has 175 million hectares of wood and 12.5 billion three-dimensional metres of forest stock. This is ranked as 5th and 6th severally in the universe. However, despite these facts China is still considered a forest – lacking state. This is so since its forest resources merely histories for 4 % of the universe ‘s wood and China ‘s forested country per capita of 0.13 hectares is far below the universe norm of 0.65. Coevalss of over development, disease and fires have reduced its forest coverage to 18 % of its land mass, ranking its 0.13 hectares of forest per capita at 134 globally, less than one-fourth the universe norm. The job of deforestation in China day of the months back to some clip, where the measure and the quality of forest resources in China aggressively decreased during the collectivisation period ( 1958-82 ) . The tendency farther accentuated at the beginning of the 1980s, insecure ownership rights taking husbandmans to clear woods after the family duty system was extended to forestlands. Besides the sustained economic growing of China has led to a rush in demand for forest merchandises. The building roar including house edifice in both metropoliss and rural countries, and the lifting demand for educational and cultural activities have been of import factors driving the crisp addition in demand and in quality demands for wood stuffs, furniture, paper and poster board. Confronting the ecological effects of forest over-exploitation and the turning force per unit area from the demand side ; the Chinese authorities has radically reoriented its wood policy over the last 20 old ages, by travel ing from a lumber production scheme to resources and ecosystem preservation and Restoration. The recent end of China is to increase its forest coverage to 26 % by 2050. In its direction of forest plan China has implemented six ( 6 ) policies ; Natural Forest Protection Program The aim of this was to implement logging prohibition along the upper ranges of Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Conversion of Fragile Farmland to Forest Program Its aim was to retrieve cultivated incline land and fragile grain land and turn them into woods or grassland. Desertification Control Program For this policy it entailed an addition in grass, bushs and trees by 5.2 million hectares to halt and change by reversal transition to abandon in some countries. This benefited the ecological environment in that the undertaking country has been dramatically improved with the increasing forest flora screen ; the income of the husbandmans increased. Aggressive Commercial Plantation Program For this plan Government designated suited countries for plantation constitution in 18 eastern and southwesterly states, this resulted in an addition in the domestic lumber supply and provided sustainable rural economic development. Wildlife preservation and natural militias development plan This is an incorporate direction attack which seeks both impermanent and lasting solutions that shall be adopted in order to react to the clime alteration and cut down the C dioxide content in the ambiance. On one manus, industrial steps shall be taken to cut down the emanation of nursery gas, on the other manus, biological steps including forestry-related 1s shall be adopted in order to efficaciously absorb and repair C dioxide and better the adaptability to the clime alteration. Forest shelter-belt plan From the late seventiess to the present, a large-scale afforestation plan called the â€Å" Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt † plan was carried out to battle desertification and control dust storms in China. However, few elaborate and systemic appraisals have evaluated its success despite the immense investing in the plan, its long-run, the extended country covered by the plan and the importance of battling desertification and commanding dust storms. By execution of these policies china has been able to pull off its forest more sustainably and at that place have been important betterments that are seeable. Pull offing its woods efficaciously is seen as cardinal if the wood sector is to accomplish sustainable development. Returning farming area to forest along with the other cardinal undertakings has already achieved a step of success. The natural woods in the upper ranges of the Yangtze River and Yellow River are no longer being logged and protective woods have been planted along the midstream and downstream subdivisions of the major rivers in China. Regulations are in force protecting immature woods, natural woods and forestalling the of import protective woods from being logged. The most of import factor in the direction of its forest trades with ownership. In 2003, China launched a reform of its corporate wood term of office. The purpose was to promote more single duty and stimulate greater engagement in forest direction, cut downing the portion of corporate direction. Under these reforms, private persons may now ‘own ‘ the corporate woods by subscribing legal contracts and having authorized forest certifications. This confers to the new proprietors the right to use the forest lands for 70 old ages. More rights such as transportations and mortgage are authorized to the persons every bit good. Until now, the corporate woods have tended to be managed ill compared to in private owned woods. Corporate wood husbandmans have tended to reap more and put less. In contrast, when the woods have become in private owned, the forest husbandmans have planted more trees and taken a more long-run position in pull offing their forest land. During the reform period, China ‘s forest resources have increased in both country and stock volume. This encouraging tendency is the consequence of both afforestation activities and increasing attempts made by the authorities to protect woods with the execution of large-scale national plans concentrating on natural wood protection and plantation development. Despite its positive impact on China ‘s forest resources, the recent displacement of forest policies from resource development to resource protection besides contributes to a farther decrease of domestic lumber supply possible, already tightly constrained by historical over-harvesting and by the low productiveness and inappropriate age construction of bing woods. Within Chinas each territory metropolis, metropolis and county authorities has a forestry disposal authorization, normally named the Forestry Bureau or Greening Committee. These governments are responsible for implementing policies and ordinances issued by higher-level authorities bureaus ; oversing and measuring public presentation ; carry oning forest resource stock lists and forest operations layout ; steering province forest farms, corporate wood farms, and local husbandmans ; and interceding land term of office conflicts. The capacity of local forestry agency or greening commissions mostly depends on the local authorities ‘s economic position. Rich metropoliss and counties tend to hold higher capacity and better installations. Every town has a forestry station affiliated to the county ‘s forestry agency. These Stationss assist the township authorities to fix an one-year forestry program, look into afforestation consequences, verify one-year logging quotas and logging sites in woods managed by collectives and local husbandmans, aid to look into and manage land term of office struggles, protect forest resources, and supply proficient aid to local husbandmans. Most forestry Stationss have low capacity and are ill maintained because of support deficits. Take for illustration Guangdong in China, which is comparatively rich, economically developed country with good market entree started their afforestation plan in 1985 ; where the state achieved its mark two old ages in front of agenda.RecommendationRemoving the logging prohibition and reforming broader forest regulative model, taking into peculiar history how they affect the rights and inducements of corporate wood proprietors, and so one time a sound model is in topographic point, presenting strong steps against over-harvesting and illegal logging. Revisiting the planned plantation plan and measure whether this is the most efficient economically, socially, and environmentally sound manner for fulfilling the future demand of mush in China. Implementing the Natural forest protection plan was based on the demand to stabilise dirts and change by reversal the dirt and H2O debasement caused by unsustainable patterns. Replacing the wood supply with illicitly logged stuff from other states merely exports the environmental debasement instead than better upon it. Anecdotal grounds indicates that unsustainable illegal harvest home is increasing in Russia and Asia to countervail the decreased lumber supplies from the execution if the NFPP. Policies need to be developed to guarantee that the beginning for imported wood is known in order to do the NFPP policy more effectual. Bettering and implementing relevant Torahs and ordinances and policy mechanism. The Forest Law and Wildlife Conservation Law demand to be revised, and particular Torahs and ordinances including Law on Nature Reserves, and Rules and Regulations on Wetland Conservation, Nature Forest Conservation and Forests, Trees and Forest Land Use Rights Circulation must be promulgated every bit shortly as possible. It is to add and escalate the legal commissariats reacting to climate alteration in relevant Torahs and ordinances. Law enforcement system and dynamic supervising mechanism demand to be improved and jurisprudence enforcement and review be enhanced. Tree-planting mark direction duty of the authoritiess at different degrees and greening duty of different sections should be continuously improved, signifiers of countrywide compulsory tree seting be developed and relevant policies be made. Fund and proficient inputs need to be increased and policy support be provided. It is to put up long-ru n and effectual working mechanism of China ‘s forestry get bying with clime alteration.ComparisonOverall, the Chinese method of forest direction seems to be more efficient and effectual as compared to that of Guyana. This is made clear when sing the deficiency of security related with the licenses issued in Guyana ‘s forest direction techniques. It tends to deter investings in State Forest Management, because of the short clip allocated for the rentals. The short clip span provides small confidence that the investor will hold continued entree rights to the same grant country in the hereafter beyond the life of the rental. This therefore encourages inordinate logging activities along with other unsustainable patterns. Where the Chinese direction is concerned, this is prevented because they have extended rentals as compared to the Guyana with clip periods of approximately 60 to 80 old ages in some instances. This prevents the issue of inordinate logging since the proprieto rs of the rental can non afford to recklessly cut down trees. By publishing rentals for extended periods this put the direction of the forest in the well-thought-of companies given the grant to log, hence if given a 80 twelvemonth lease the company must so pull off logging activities in such a manner that it may be profitable for the allotted rental period. Improper managing of the grant in these instances would help in the hurt of the company. In Guyana there is a deficiency of policies or proper execution in instances of natural catastrophes such as El Nino triping forest fires which can take to big multitudes of woods being destroyed without any agencies of recovery. This is non so in China, since they have in topographic point, a policy that takes into consideration proper solution to battle effects of natural catastrophe, ( Shelter Belt Program in China ) . Besides in China there is a Conversion of Fragile Farmland to Forest Program which was mentioned. For this policy, the Chinese would works forest trees or grasslands on parts of land that were officially used for farming or agricultural intents which would hold been left after being exhausted to some extent, abandoned, or no longer executable for cultivation. It fundamentally makes usage of that land that would hold otherwise been left unattended. Planting of forest trees in these countries would in bend lead to maximal use of lost land for re-afforestation. Form research done it is clear that there is no such plan in Guyana, nevertheless there were some sum of re-afforestation in the backwoodss but these plans were ne'er truly analyzed decently to find the effectivity or benefits of it. In China there is a commercial plantation plan where trees are planted in certain countries for logging intents merely. This in bend maintains a systematic attack towards logging. There is a similar pattern in Guyana where there are different types of province wood allocated for different intents such as forested countries that are protected to continue diverseness, modesty woods: woods which are yet to be classified, and on which no development shall be permitted and forested countries for logging merely.

True Reasons We Love Super Bowl

True Reasons We Love Super Bowl Super Bowl is the most popular show among Americans. In a bit more than a week the whole nation will be glued to the screen to see the game. And there is a number of reasons for that! Loving NFL is a long lasting tradition, so nobody actually asks questions like Why watch Super Bowl? or Why do you like Super Bowl? or (God forbid) What is Super Bowl? However, we decided to bring these wonderful Super Bowl things together to make your week of game anticipation even more exciting. This post is also for Super Bowl haters. You still time to change your mind start loving Super Bowl (because in week its going to be too late!) Bringing Folks Together Okay, maybe there’s a fair amount of other things going on in this world that need more attention. And yes, it would be nice if we saw the same passion and fervor for civil rights and personal liberties these days. But at least this magical game, when the best of the best go head to head and the commenters are flipping out, brings people together in sports bars and living rooms across the land. Chanting, cheering, stumbling around, and pretty much going quasi-insane for a few hours. It’s good fun. And listen, Super Bowl parties run the whole gauntlet from two dudes in their boxers in their dorm room eating Cheetos from the vending machine on the first floor†¦to blockbuster block parties and after-parties that literally anger the gods. It proves that whether you want it or not football is a part of our national heritage†¦a part of the DNA, to be more precise. Special Food Chips and dips, wings and BBQ feasts, casseroles galore Super Bowl food comes in many different nuances of class and sophistication. There’s your cheap and dirty munchies finished off with piss beer and then all the more â€Å"adult† parties where they take some time to make decent grub: gourmet sandwiches, tiny sirloin burgers, high-brow quesadillas, etc. If you get invited to one of these parties start counting your blessings! The food rocks no matter what though. And, while the game’s going it doesn’t matter if it’s the most fattening food in the known galaxy. Halftime Commercials Rule Corporations pull out all the stops, it’s madness! Throughout the rest of the year most commercials are like Super Villain fingernails carving words into chalk boards. Then suddenly, this one spellbinding game comes around and almost all the commercials are either super-deep thinker-pieces, or funny as hell. According to superbowl-commercials.org (yep, there’s a website for everything), here are a couple big hits from 2014: NSA – Smile, We Know When You’re Not (youtube.com/watch?v=NcAEjvT-Ri8#t=97) A commercial like this can only happen during a Super Bowl. AXE – Make Love, Not War (youtube.com/watch?v=UIecNEIaPao) It makes sense during the Super Bowl, everything does. Oh man, then you’ve got the halftime show, which, let’s be honest, is pretty hit or miss. Some years it’s dull or you’re laughing all over the place. But some years, wow, the show knocks your socks off and typically delivers some controversy to boot! In case you’re wondering, the Billboard list of the Best Half-Time shows claims these are the top 3 so far: Prince, in 2007: â€Å"But the explosive coda was Purple Rain, which had the stadium full of testosterone-pumped football fanatics waving their arms and howling in falsetto.† U2, in 2002: This was the mega-heart-wrenching tribute to 9/11 set when the wound was still very deep and fresh for the nation. Madonna, 2012: This got some pretty mixed reviews. But that’s the beauty of it, there are winners and losers in every aspect of the game, even in terms of entertainment. Rivalries Are Fun True, it’s not so cool when these rivalries get out of hand and people riot after football games. But to be honest, sports rivalries are much safer than wars, battles, revolutions, civil upheaval, geopolitical struggles, and all the other sorts of violent ways people create to release some steam. The Super Bowl let’s people who love the game really beat up a few pillows, scream at TVs, throw controllers, pull out a little hair, tear a jersey or two, and stomp around like they’ve got the last of their savings account riding on the game. Great Success Stories We follow NFL for the whole year. We know the players and all about them what coffee they drink, how their girlfriends look like and their football career, of course. We know the strengths and weaknesses of each team. And one day here they are on the field. The struggle begins. Each move counts. Each moment can be decisive. One big winning or a big failure. Fans rage. Thats the atmosphere where the legends are born. These stories are remembered and passed from generation to generation. These stories inspire. So, each Super Bowl is legendary and cant be missed for anything on earth. And that’s why we love the Super Bowl! Are there any reasons you like Super Bowl that we didnt mention! Agree or disagree with us in the comments!

Charge of the Light Brigade Essays

Charge of the Light Brigade Essays Charge of the Light Brigade Paper Charge of the Light Brigade Paper which shows a dramatic recreation for the reader of the events which occurred. This is followed by a temporary pause of relief, which is followed by the line but someone was still yelling and fumbling, which portrays the agony of incompetent movement. The use of three ss shows urgency because of the repetition, which is significant because it depicts the excruciating exigency to fit their helmets in time. In the final section, Owen directs his criticism towards pro-war poets, specifically Jessie Pope, whom he hated for the excitement she instigated through her ignorance. It ends with the lines from which the title was derived, described as the old lie, which refers to nineteenth centaury poetry, e. g. Henry V, because of the word old. By referring to it as a lie, he is attacking these poems, which not only explains the irony of the poems title, but also reinforces Owens position of communicating the realties of trench warfare. In conclusion, the tradition of war poetry has evolved as the publics awareness of its realities gas changed. One of the poets who actively developed war poetry after 1914 was Wilfred Owen, who passionately hated the way in which war was glamorised and made to appear exciting and honourable. His poetry was contrasting to the majority of pre-1914 poetry, but is now the most widely recognized and remembered.

Nursing curricullum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nursing curricullum - Essay Example the clinical setting entails role modelling, influencing others, improving care and considering situational leadership particularly when in communication with different parties in all situations1. Practice based learning, on the other hand, helps in providing experience and serves a pivotal role in development of skills among students in interacting with their families and patients2. The students assist in interpersonal, technical, psychomotor and communication skills. Practice based learning gives students an opportunity to link practice and theory while promoting professional identity development. By ensuring that specific standards are dully met alongside the assessment in practice, practice based learning, effectively ensures students are well informed for practice before registration. Because of the vocation nature of the nurses’ jobs, practice based learning serves a crucial role in the professionalism of nursing and it helps in safeguarding the public, as well as in ass essment of the clinical competency of the nurses. This study analyses the factors that impact on how students integrate into the practice setting, as well as the assessment and accountability processes in the learning practice. There are five factors that impact on how students integrate into the practice settings. These are orienting the learner to the practice setting, encouraging the patient acceptance of the learner and the role of the practice as a teaching facility, adapting the patient schedule while working with the learner, keeping the flow going, and finding some time to teach the students3. The efficient and effective orientation includes the establishment of a system that can orient learners to help assure the teacher that he or she will be able to cover all the relevant points with each learner. Some preceptors tend to use checklist in reminding the learners of the topics that are to be covered while clarifying his or her expectation4. If learners are made to be available

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT-unit 3, question # 2 Essay

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT-unit 3, question # 2 - Essay Example This is achieved by randomly selecting observations from all the distributions that influence the outcome of the project and this goes on until a representative record of the probable outcome of the project is obtained. An illustration for this is a chemical producer who wants to extend its processing plant. The first step will be to determine the probability distributions for all factors that will influence the returns of the project such as investment required, fixed costs, operation costs, selling price, market size among others. After this, the computer randomly picks out one observation from this list according to the chances of its actual occurrence in the future. The observations are then combined and a Net Present Value (NPV) or Internal Rate of Return (IRR) figure is calculated. This is repeated severally until a clear portrait of the expected outcome is obtained (Keown et al, 1998). Unlike the risk-adjusted discount rate method which gives one value for the risk-adjusted NPV, simulation gives the investment’s IRR or NPV probability distribution. According to Keown et al (1998), this method provides the range of possible outcomes for the project under the best, worst and most likely cases. It should also be noted that the inputs to a simulation comprises of all the key factors affecting the profitability of a project. In addition to this, the output obtained provides the probability of various outcomes occurring. This output is a probability distribution of the internal rates of return or the net present values for the project. From the above explanation, it is reasonable to state that the value of this method is quality decision making. Decision makers will use the whole range of possible outcomes of the project to determine the level of risk of the project and use this information to make the most appropriate decisions. Simulation is also very important for the